Linux Commands Cheat Sheet with Examples

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COMMANDDESCRIPTIONMore details
System information
archshow architecture of the machineExample
uname -mshow architecture of the machineExample
uname -rshow kernel version usedExample
dmidecode -qshow hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)Example
hdparm -i /dev/hdadisplays the characteristics of a hard-diskExample
hdparm -tT /dev/sdaperform t est reading on a hard-diskExample
cat /proc/cpuinfoshows information CPU infoExample
cat /proc/interruptsshow interruptsExample
cat /proc/meminfoverify memory useExample
cat /proc/swapsshow file(s) swapExample
cat /proc/versionshow version of the kernelExample
cat /proc/net/devshow network adpters and statisticsExample
cat /proc/mountsshow mounted file system(s)Example
lspci -tvdisplay PCI devicesExample
lsusb -tvshow USB devicesExample
dateshow system dateExample
cal 2007show the timetable of 2007Example
date 041217002007.00set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.SecondsExample
clock -wsave changes of date on BIOSExample
Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout
shutdown -h nowshutdown systemExample
init 0shutdown systemExample
shutdown -r hours:minutes &planned shutdown ofthe systemExample
shutdown -ccancel a planned shutdown of the systemExample
shutdown -r nowrebootExample
rebootrebootExample
logoutleaving sessionExample
Files and Directory
cd /homeenter to directory '/ home'Example
cd ..go back one levelExample
cd ../..go back two levelsExample
cdgo to home directoryExample
cd ~utentego to home directoryExample
cd -go to previous directoryExample
pwdshow the path of work directoryExample
lsview files of directoryExample
ls -Fview files of directoryExample
ls -lshow details of files and directoryExample
ls -ashow hidden filesExample
ls *[0-9]*show files and directory containing numbersExample
treeshow files and directories in a tree starting from rootExample
lstreeshow files and directories in a tree starting from rootExample
mkdir dir1create a directory called 'dir1'Example
mkdir dir1 dir2create two directories simultaneouslyExample
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2create a directory treeExample
rm -f file1delete file called 'file1'Example
rmdir dir1delete directory called 'dir1'Example
rm -rf dir1remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursivelyExample
rm -rf dir1 dir2remove two directories and their contents recursivelyExample
mv dir1 new_dirrename / move a file or directoryExample
cp file1 file2copying a fileExample
cp dir/* .copy all files of a directory within the current work directoryExample
cp -a /tmp/dir1 .copy a directory within the current work directoryExample
cp -a dir1 dir2copy a directoryExample
ln -s file1 lnk1create a symbolic link to file or directoryExample
ln file1 lnk1create a physical link to file or directoryExample
touch -t 0712250000 fileditestmodify timestamp of a fileor directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)Example
File search
find / -name file1search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'Example
find / -user user1search files and directories belonging to 'user1'Example
find /home/user1 -name *.binsearch files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'Example
find /usr/bin -type f ­atime +100search bynary files are not used in the last 100 daysExample
find /usr/bin -type f ­mtime ­10search files created or changed within 10 daysExample
find / -name *.rpm ­exec chmod 755 {} ;search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permitsExample
find / -xdev ­name *.rpmsearch files with '.rpm'extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…Example
locate *.psfind files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' commandExample
whereis haltshow location of a binary file, source or manExample
which haltshow full path to a binary / executableExample
Mounting a Filesystem
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'Example
umount /dev/hda2unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' firstExample
fuser -km /mnt/hda2force umount when the device is busyExample
umount -n /mnt/hda2run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is fullExample
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppymount a floppy diskExample
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrommount a cdrom / dvdromExample
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecordermount a cdrw / dvdromExample
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecordermount a cdrw / dvdromExample
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrommount a file or iso imageExample
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5mount a Windows FAT32 file systemExample
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdiskmount a usb pen-drive or flash­driveExample
mount -t smbfs ­o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/sharemount a windows network shareExample
Disk Space
df -hshow list of partitions mountedExample
ls -lSr |moreshow size of the files and directories ordered by sizeExample
du -sh dir1estimate space used by directory 'dir1'Example
du -sk * | sort ­rnshow size of the files and directories sorted by sizeExample
rpm -q ­a ­­qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort ­k1,1nshow space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like)Example
dpkg-query ­W ­f='${Installed­Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1nshow space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like)Example
Users and Groups
groupadd group_namecreate a new groupExample
groupdel group_namedelete a groupExample
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_namerename a groupExample
useradd -c Nome Cognome" ­g admin ­d /home/user1 ­s /bin/bash user1"create a new user belongs admin" group"Example
useradd user1create a new userExample
userdel -r user1delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)Example
usermod -c User FTP" ­g system ­d /ftp/user1 ­s /bin/nologin user1"change user attributesExample
passwdchange passwordExample
passwd user1change a user password (only by root)Example
chage -E 2005­12­31 user1set deadline for user passwordExample
pwckcheck correct syntax and file format of '/etc/pasws d' and users existenceExample
grpckcheck correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existenceExample
newgrp group_namelog in to a new group to change default group of newly created filesExample
Permits on File - use +" to set permissions and "-" to remove"
ls -lhshow permitsExample
ls /tmp | pr -T5 ­W$COLUMNSdivide terminal into 5 columnsExample
chmod ugo+rwx directory1set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x)access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)Example
chmod go-rwx directory1remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (orExample
chown user1 file1change owner of a fileExample
chown user1 -R directory1change user owner of a directory and allthe files and directories contained insideExample
chgrp gruppo1 file1change group of filesExample
chown user1:gruppo1 file1change user and group ownership of a fileExample
find / -perm ­u+sview all files on the system with SUID configuredExample
chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibileset SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as ownerExample
chmod u-s /bin/file_binariodisable SUID bit on a binary fileExample
chmod g+s /home/publicset SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directoryExample
chmod g-s /home/publicdisable SGID bit on a directoryExample
chmod o+t /home/comuneset STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate ownersExample
chmod o-t /home/comunedisable STIKY bit on a directoryExample
Special Attributes on file - use +" to set permissions and "-" to remove"
chattr +a file1allows write opening of a file only append modeExample
chattr +c file1allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernelExample
chattr +d file1makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backupExample
chattr +i file1makes it an immutable file, which cannot be removed, altered, renamed or linkedExample
chattr +s file1allows a file to be deleted safelyExample
chattr +S file1makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with syncExample
chattr +u file1allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceledExample
lsattrshow specials attributesExample
Archives and compressed files
bunzip2 file1.bz2decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'Example
bzip2 file1compress a file called 'file1'Example
gunzip file1.gzdecompress a file called 'file1.gz'Example
gzip file1compress a file called 'file1'Example
gzip -9 file1compress with maximum compressionExample
rar a file1.rar test_filecreate an archive rar called'file1.rar'Example
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneouslyExample
rar x file1.rardecompress rar archiveExample
unrar x file1.rardecompress rar archiveExample
tar -cvf archive.tar file1create a uncompressed tarballExample
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'Example
tar -tf archive.tarshow contents of an archiveExample
tar -xvf archive.tarextract a tarballExample
tar -xvf archive.tar ­C /tmpextract a tarball into / tmpExample
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1create a tarball compressed into bzip2Example
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2Example
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1create a tarball compressed into gzipExample
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gzdecompress a compressed tar archive in gzipExample
zip file1.zip file1create an archive compressed in zipExample
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1compress in zip several files and directories simultaneouslyExample
unzip file1.zipdecompress a zip archiveExample
RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like
rpm -ivh package.rpminstall a rpm packageExample
rpm -ivh ­­nodeeps package.rpminstall a rpm package ignoring dependencies requestsExample
rpm -U package.rpmupgrade a rpm package without changing configuration filesExample
rpm -F package.rpmupgrade a rpm package only if it is already installedExample
rpm -e package_name.rpmremove a rpm packageExample
rpm -qashow all rpm packagesinstalled on the systemExample
rpm -qa | grep httpdshow all rpm packageswith the name httpd""Example
rpm -qi package_nameobtain information on a specific package installedExample
rpm -qg System Environment/Daemons""show rpm packages of a groupsoftwareExample
rpm -ql package_nameshow list of files provided by a rpm package installedExample
rpm -qc package_nameshow list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installedExample
rpm -q package_name ­­whatrequiresshow list of dependencies required fora rpm packetExample
rpm -q package_name ­­whatprovidesshow capability provided by a rpm packageExample
rpm -q package_name ­­scriptsshow scripts started during installation / removalExample
rpm -q package_name ­­changelogshow history of revisions of a rpm packageExample
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.confverify which rpm package belongs to a given fielExample
rpm -qp package.rpm -lshow list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installedExample
rpm -­import /media/cdrom/RPM­GPG­KEYimport public-key digital signatureExample
rpm -­checksig package.rpmverify the integrityof a rpm packageExample
rpm -qa gpg­pubkeyverify integrity of all rpm packages installedExample
rpm -V package_namecheck file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modificationExample
rpm -Vacheck all rpm packages installed on the system - use with cautionExample
rpm -Vp package.rpmverify a rpm package not yet installedExample
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -­extract -­make-directories *bin*extract executable file from a rpm packageExample
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpminstall a package built from a rpm sourceExample
rpmbuild -­rebuild package_name.src.rpmbuild a rpm package from a rpm sourceExample
YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like
yum install package_namedownload and install a rpm packageExample
yum updateupdate all rpm packages installed on the systemExample
yum update package_nameupgrade a rpm packageExample
yum remove package_nameremove a rpm packageExample
yum listlist all packages installed on the systemExample
yum search package_namefind a package on rpm repositoryExample
yum clean packagesclean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packagesExample
yum clean headersremove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependencyExample
yum clean allremove from the cache packages and headers filesExample
DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like
dpkg -i package.debinstall / upgrade a deb packageExample
dpkg -r package_nameremove a deb package from the systemExample
dpkg -lshow all deb packages installed on the systemExample
dpkg -l | grep httpdshow all rpm packageswith the name httpd""Example
dpkg -s package_nameobtain information on a specific package installed on systemExample
dpkg -L package_nameshow list of files provided by a package installed on systemExample
dpkg -­contents package.debshow list of files provided by a package not yet installedExample
dpkg -S /bin/pingverify which package belongs to a given fileExample
APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like
apt-get install package_nameinstall / upgrade a deb packageExample
apt-cdrom install package_nameinstall / upgrade a deb package from cdromExample
apt-get updateupdate all deb packages installed on systemExample
apt-get remove package_nameremove a deb package from systemExample
apt-get checkverify correct resolution of dependenciesExample
apt-get cleanclean up cache from packages downloadedExample
View file content
cat file1view the contents of a file starting from the first rowExample
tac file1view the contents of a file starting from the last lineExample
more file1view content of a file alongExample
less file1similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forwardmovementExample
head -2 file1view first two lines of a fileExample
tail -2 file1view last two lines of a fileExample
tail -f /var/log/messagesview in real time what is added to a fileExample
Text Manipulation
cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txtsyntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new fileExample
cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> result.txtsyntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result onto existing fileExample
grep Aug /var/log/messageslook up words Aug" in the file onto 'messages'"Example
grep ^Aug /var/log/messageslook up words that begin with Aug" onto file 'messages'"Example
grep [0-9] /var/log/messagesselect from file 'messages' all lines that contain numbersExample
grep Aug -R /var/log/*search string Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below"Example
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txtreplace string1" with "string2" onto example.txt"Example
sed '/^$/d' example.txtremove all blank lines from example.txtExample
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txtremove comments andblank lines from example.txtExample
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'convert from lower case in upper caseExample
sed -e '1d' result.txteliminates the first line from file example.txtExample
sed -n '/stringa1/p'view only lines that contain the word string1""Example
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txtremove empty characters at the end of each rowExample
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txtremove only the word string1" from text and leave intact all"Example
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txtview from 1th to 5th rowExample
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txtview row number 5Example
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txtreplace more zeros with a single zeroExample
cat -n file1number row of a fileExample
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'remove all lines even from examplet.xtExample
echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'view the first column of lineExample
echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'view the first and third column of lineExample
paste file1 file2merging contents of two files for columnsExample
paste -d '+' file1 file2merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the centerExample
sort file1 file2sort contents of two filesExample
sort file1 file2 | uniqsort contents of two files omitting lines repeatedExample
sort file1 file2 | uniq -usort contents of two files by viewing only unique lineExample
sort file1 file2 | uniq -dsort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate lineExample
comm -1 file1 file2compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'Example
comm -2 file1 file2compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'Example
comm -3 file1 file2compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both filesExample
Character set and Format file conversion
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txtconvert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIXExample
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txtconvert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOSExample
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.htmlconvert a text file to htmlExample
recode -l | moreshow all available formats conversionExample
Filesystem Analysis
badblocks -v /dev/hda1check bad blocks onto disk hda1Example
fsck /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1Example
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1Example
e2fsck /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1Example
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1Example
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1Example
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1Example
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1Example
dosfsck /dev/hda1repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1Example
Format a Filesystem
mkfs /dev/hda1create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partitionExample
mke2fs /dev/hda1create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partitionExample
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partitionExample
mkfs -t vfat 32 ­F /dev/hda1create a FAT32 filesystemExample
fdformat -n /dev/fd0format a floppy diskExample
mkswap /dev/hda3create a swap filesystemExample
SWAP filesystem
mkswap /dev/hda3create a swap filesystemExample
swapon /dev/hda3activating a new swap partitionExample
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3activate two swap partitionsExample
Backup
dump -0aj ­f /tmp/home0.bak /homemake a full backup of directory '/home'Example
dump -1aj ­f /tmp/home0.bak /homemake a incremental backup of directory '/home'Example
restore -if /tmp/home0.bakrestoring a backup interactivelyExample
rsync -rogpav ­­delete /home /tmpsynchronization between directoriesExample
rsync -rogpav ­e ssh ­­delete /home ip_address:/tmprsync via SSH tunnelExample
rsync -az ­e ssh ­­delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/localsynchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compressionExample
rsync -az -e ssh -­delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/publicsynchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compressionExample
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via shExample
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/usermake a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'Example
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'copy content of a directory on remote directory via sshExample
( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x ­p'copy a local directory on remote directory via sshExample
tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf ­ )local copy preserving permits and links from a directoryto anotherExample
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ ­­parentsfind and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to anotherExample
find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv -­files­from=­ | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archiveExample
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppyExample
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppyExample
CDROM
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -forceclean a rewritable cdromExample
mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.isocreate an iso image of cdrom on diskExample
mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gzcreate a compressed iso image of cdrom on diskExample
mkisofs -J -allow­leading­dots -R -V Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd"create an iso image of a directoryExample
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.isoburn an ISO imageExample
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom ­burn a compressed ISO imageExample
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/isomount an ISO imageExample
cd-paranoia ­Brip audio tracks from a CD to wav filesExample
cd-paranoia ­­ ­3""rip first three audio tracks froma CD to wav filesExample
cdrecord -­scanbusscan bus to identify the channel scsiExample
Networking - LAN and WiFi
ifconfig eth0show configuration ofan ethernet network cardExample
ifup eth0activate an interface 'eth0'Example
ifdown eth0disable an interface 'eth0'Example
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0configure IP AddressExample
ifconfig eth0 promiscconfigure 'eth0' inpromiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing)Example
dhclient eth0active interface 'eth0' in dhcp modeExample
route -nshow routing tableExample
route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gatewayconfigura default gatewayExample
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'Example
route del 0/0 gw IP_gatewayremove static routeExample
echo 1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward"activate ip routingExample
hostnameshow hostnameExample
host linuxtutorials.netlookup hostname to resolve name to ip addressand viceversaExample
ip link showshow link status of all interfacesExample
mii-tool eth0show link status of 'eth0'Example
ethtool eth0show statistics of network card 'eth0'Example
netstat -tupshow all active network connections and their PIDExample
netstat -tuplshow all network services listening on the system and their PIDExample
tcpdump tcp port 80show all HTTP trafficExample
iwlist scanshow wireless networksExample
iwconfig eth1show configuration of a wireless network cardExample
Microsoft Windows networks - SAMBA
nbtscan ip_addrnetbios name resolutionExample
nmblookup -A ip_addrnetbios name resolutionExample
smbclient -L ip_addr/hostnameshow remote shares of a windows hostExample
smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/sharelike wget can download files from a host windows via smbExample
mount -t smbfs ­o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/sharemount a windows network shareExample
IPTABLES - firewall
iptables -t filter ­Lshow all chains of filtering tableExample
iptables -t nat ­Lshow all chains of nat tableExample
iptables -t filter ­Fclear all rules from filtering tableExample
iptables -t nat ­Fclear all rules from table natExample
iptables -t filter ­Xdelete any chains created by userExample
iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -­dport telnet -j ACCEPTallow telnet connections to inputExample
iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp -­dport http -j DROPblock HTTP connections to outputExample
iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp -­dport pop3 -j ACCEPTallow POP3 connections to forward chainExample
iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG -­log­prefix DROP INPUT""logging sulla chain di input Logging on chain inputExample
iptables -t nat ­A POSTROUTING ­o eth0 ­j MASQUERADEconfigure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packetsExample
iptables -t nat ­A PREROUTING ­d 192.168.0.1 ­p tcp -m tcp -­dport 22 -j DNAT -­to­destination 10.0.0.2:22redirect packets addressed to a host to another hostExample
Monitoring and debugging
topdisplay linux tasks using most cpuExample
ps -eafwdisplays linux tasksExample
ps -e ­o pid,args ­­forestdisplays linux tasks in a hierarchical modeExample
pstreemostra un albero dei processi sistema Shows a tree system processesExample
kill -9 ID_Processoforce closure of the process and finish itExample
kill -1 ID_Processoforce a process to reload configurationExample
lsof -p $$display a list of files opened by processesExample
lsof /home/user1displays a list of open files in a given path systemExample
strace -c ls >/dev/nulldisplay system calls made and received by a processExample
strace -f ­e open ls >/dev/nulldisplay library callsExample
watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'display interrupts in real-timeExample
last rebootshow history rebootExample
lsmoddisplay kernel loadedExample
free -mdisplays status of RAM in megabytesExample
smartctl -A /dev/hdamonitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMARTExample
smartctl -i /dev/hdacheck if SMART is active on a hard-diskExample
tail /var/log/dmesgshow events inherent to the process of booting kernelExample
tail /var/log/messagesshow system eventsExample
Other useful commands
apropos …keyworddisplay a list of commands that pertainto keywords of a program , useful when youknow what your program does, but you don't know the name of the commandExample
man pingdisplay the on-line manual pages for example on ping commandExample
whatis …keyworddisplays description of what a program doesExample
mkbootdisk -­device /dev/fd0 `uname ­r`create a boot floppyExample
gpg -c file1encrypt a file with GNU Privacy GuardExample
gpg file1.gpgdecrypt a file with GNU Privacy GuardExample
wget -r www.example.comdownload an entire web siteExample
wget -c www.example.com/file.isodownload a file with the ability to stop the download and resume laterExample
echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00start a download at any given timeExample
ldd sshshow shared libraries required by ssh programExample
alias hh='history'set an alias for a command - hh = historyExample
$ ip aShow current IP addressCheck the Current IP Address
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